26 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre | November 2010
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the
competent national tribunals for acts violating the
fundamental rights granted him by the constitution
or by law.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 8
The obligation of states to respect and implement inter-
national human rights law does not just include the duty
to prevent violations or investigate violations and take
action against those responsible, it also includes the
duty to provide effective remedies to victims of violations
of human rights.103 The right to remedy is sanctioned by
regional and international conventions to which Chad is
party, including the Banjul Charter and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
The Chadian government has failed to meet its respon-
sibility to address violence against internally displaced
women and girls: it has not deployed security forces to
provide effective protection for civilians; it has not pro-
vided essential services such as accessible health care or
any form of psychosocial support for survivors of violence;
it has not allocated financial resources for services such
as shelters or facilities that protect survivors of violence;
it has not passed implementing decrees for laws that
prohibit violence against women and girls; and it has not
implemented a policy of investigating and prosecuting
perpetrators of violence against women and girls.
The government has also failed to provide effective rem-
edies to internally displaced women and girls: it has not
established permanent courts in areas of displacement,
deployed mobile courts on a regular basis until perma-
nent courts are established, trained statutory courts to
adjudicate cases of sexual violence, or trained customary
courts to adjudicate cases of sexual violence in line with
international human rights law and Chadian statutory law.
Amnesty International calls women in eastern Chad, who
make up the majority of the internally displaced popula-
tion, the “forgotten victims of the ongoing armed con-
flict”.104 Displaced women and girls in eastern Chad who
are survivors of violence have their rights consistently
violated, not only by perpetrators of violence but also by
a government that does not protect and assist them and
does not provide them with access to justice.
As international peacekeepers prepare to leave the coun-
try, the urgent need for the government to meet its duties
in providing effective protection and justice cannot be
overstated. A woman who was raped by a member of an
armed group while she was collecting firewood outside
of an IDP camp expressed this urgency in a few words:
“Here in Chad men can do whatever they want to a
woman. This is because nothing happens to them.
Even husbands can do whatever they want to their
wives. They can even kill them. Women suffer in
silence and we have no one to help us.”
Conclusion: promoting human rights

27National outrage | Violence against internally displaced women and girls in eastern Chad
1 Report of the Secretary-General on the protection
of civilians in armed conflict, United Nations Security
Council (UNSC), 28 October 2007.
2 Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Research-
ing, Documenting and Monitoring Sexual Violence
in Emergencies, World Health Organization (WHO),
2007.
3 Failed States Index, Fund for Peace, 21 June 2010.
4 Human Development Index Rankings, United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP), December 2009.
5 Program Performance Assessment Report – Chad,
World Bank Group (WBG), 20 November 2009.
6 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mo Ibrahim
Foundation, 11 October 2010.
7 The Chad-Sudan Proxy War and the “Darfurization”
of Chad: Myths and Reality, Jérôme Tubiana, Small
Arms Survey, April 2008.
8 Mid-Year Review, Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2009,
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af-
fairs (UN OCHA), 21 June 2009.
9 Tchad: sortir du piège pétrolier, International Crisis
Group (ICG), 26 August 2009.
10 Mid-Year Review, Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2009,
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af-
fairs (UN OCHA), 21 June 2009.
11 World military expenditure increases despite finan-
cial crisis, Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute (SIPRI), 2 June 2010.
12 A Humanitarian Disaster in the Making along the
Chad-Cameroon Pipeline – Who’s Watching?, Alter-
Net, 2 December 2009.
13 Arms flows to the conflict in Chad, Pieter D. Wezeman,
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), August 2009.
14 Total Humanitarian Assistance per Donor for Chad
CAP 2010, Financial Tracking Service (FTS), UN Of-
fice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN
OCHA), 6 September 2010.
15 UN experts urge wider arms embargo on Sudan,
Chad, Reuters, 18 November 2008.
16 Chad Emergency Operation (EMOP) 200112, World
Food Programme (WFP), 2 March 2010.
17 One-fifth of Chad’s population facing hunger, Reuters,
25 February 2010.
18 Hungry season sets in early, Integrated Regional In-
formation Networks (IRIN), 9 March 2010.
19 Flooding in Chad affects 150,000 people, Reuters
AlertNet, 17 September 2010.
20 Chad: UN ramps up efforts to fight severe cholera
epidemic, United Nations News Centre, 8 October 2010.
Notes
21 Hungry season sets in early, Integrated Regional In-
formation Networks (IRIN), 9 March 2010.
22 Bulletin d’Information Humanitaire (1 May – 4 June
2010), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (UN OCHA), 4 June 2010.
23 CERF in Action, Central Emergency Response Fund
(CERF), April 2010.
24 Sudan and Chad have deployed joint border forces,
ReliefWeb, 17 June 2010.
25 The Risk of Return: Repatriating the Displaced in the
Context of Conflict in Eastern Chad, Human Rights
Watch (HRW), June 2009.
26 Sowing the seeds of Darfur: Ethnic targeting in Chad
by Janjawid militias from Sudan, Amnesty Interna-
tional (AI), 28 June 2006.
27 Chad: More than half of families at risk of hunger,
World Food Programme (WFP), 22 June 2010.
28 The Risk of Return: Repatriating the Displaced in the
Context of Conflict in Eastern Chad, Human Rights
Watch (HRW), June 2009.
29 Aid groups face dilemma over EU protection, Inte-
grated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), 16 May
2008.
30 Resolution 1861, United Nations Security Council
(UNSC), 14 January 2009.
31 Report of the Secretary-General on the UN Mission in the
Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT), United
Nations Security Council (UNSC), 14 October 2009.
32 Report of the Secretary-General on the UN Mission in
the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT),
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 14 October
2009.
33 Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2010, UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), 30
November 2009.
34 Nowhere to Turn: Failure to Protect, Support and
Assure Justice for Darfuri Women, Physicians for
Human Rights (PHR), May 2009.
35 “No place for us here”: Violence against refugee
women in eastern Chad, Amnesty International (AI),
September 2009.
36 Intel Brief: The Chad Withdrawal, International Rela-
tions and Security Network (ISN), 18 May 2010.
37 Resolution 1923, United Nations Security Council
(UNSC), 25 May 2010.
38 Peacekeeping pullout imperils refugees, Turtle Bay,
26 May 2010.
39 Developments in Chad have international analysts,
aid groups and the UN on the edge, Diplomacy and
Power, 6 February 2010.

28 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre | November 2010
40 Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in War and
Its Aftermath: Realities, Responses, and Required
Resources, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA),
2006.
41 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against
Women, Articles 1 and 2, United Nations General As-
sembly (UNGA), 1993.
42 ‘No one to help them’: Rape extends from Darfur into
eastern Chad, Amnesty International (AI), December
2006; Sexual Violence and its Consequences among
Displaced Persons in Darfur and Chad, Human Rights
Watch (HRW), 12 April 2005.
43 Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions
in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on Prevention of
and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies,
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC), 2005.
44 Supplementary Appeal: Protection and Assistance
to Internally Displaced Persons in Chad, United Na-
tions High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 27
February 2007.
45 Displacement from deteriorating security situation
in eastern Chad tops 100,000, United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 5 January
2007; Some 9,000 Chadians move to IDP camp after
brutal village attacks, United Nations High Commis-
sioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 10 April 2007.
46 Human Rights Report: Chad, US Department of State
(USDoS), 6 March 2007.
47 Sources of violence, conflict mediation and recon-
ciliation: A socio-anthropological study on Dar Sila,
Christine Pawlitzky and Babett Jánszky, July 2008.
48 No protection from rape and violence for displaced
women and girls in eastern Chad, Amnesty Interna-
tional (AI), 27 July 2007.
49 Peril or Protection: The Link between Livelihoods and
Gender-based Violence in Displacement Settings,
Women’s Refugee Commission, November 2009.
50 Arab is a term often used to refer to Sudanese Jan-
jaweed milita or to members of pastoralist ethnic
groups in Chad who identify as descendants of Arabs.
51 Resolution 1778, United Nations Security Council
(UNSC), 25 September 2007; Resolution 1861, United
Nations Security Council (UNSC), 14 January 2009.
52 Camp Management Toolkit, Norwegian Refuge Coun-
cil (NRC), 2008.
53 The Gender Dimensions of Internal Displacement:
Concept Paper and Annotated Bibliography, Women’s
Commission for Refugee Women and Children, No-
vember 1998.
54 Beyond Firewood: Fuel Alternatives and Protection
Strategies for Displaced Women and Girls, Women’s
Commission for Refugee Women and Children, March
2006.
55 Global Gender Gap Report, World Economic Forum,
2009.
56 Articles 13, 14 and 18, Constitution of the Republic of
Chad, 1996 (amended in 2005).
57 Articles 275, 276, 277 and 289, Penal Code of the
Republic of Chad, 1967.
58 Articles 252, 253 and 254, Penal Code of the Republic
of Chad, 1967.
59 Article 9, Law No. 006/PR/2002 on the Promotion of
Reproductive Health, 15 April 2002.
60 Fighting violence against women – but how?, Inte-
grated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), 3 April
2009.
61 Report of the Secretary-General on the UN Mission in
the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT),
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 8 July 2008.
62 Article 14, Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996
(amended in 2005).
63 International, regional and national developments
in the area of violence against women from 1994-
2003, United Nations Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC), 27 February 2003.
64 Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced
Persons, Global Protection Cluster Working Group
(PCWG), December 2007.
65 For the basis in international law for each Guiding
Principle see Walter Kälin, Guiding Principles on Inter-
nal Displacement, Annotations, American Society of
International Law and Brookings Institution – Univer-
sity of Bern Project on Internal Displacement, 2008.
66 Universal Periodic Review, Report of the Working
Group on Chad, United Nations Human Rights Coun-
cil, May 2009.
67 Human Rights Report: Chad, US Department of State
(USDoS), 11 March 2010.
68 Peacekeeping pullout imperils refugees, Turtle Bay,
26 May 2010.
69 Report of the Secretary-General on the UN Mission in
the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT),
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 30 July 2010.
70 Central Africa: N’Djamena Child Soldiers Conference,
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 6 June
2010.
71 Report of the Representative of the Secretary-Gen-
eral on the human rights of internally displaced per-
sons: Mission to the Republic of Chad, United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA), 22 December 2009.
72 Resolution 1820, United Nations Security Council
(UNSC), 19 June 2008.
73 Report of the Representative of the Secretary-Gen-
eral on the human rights of internally displaced per-
sons: Mission to the Republic of Chad, United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA), 22 December 2009.
74 Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to Secu-
rity Council Resolution 1820, United Nations Security
Council (UNSC), 15 July 2009.
75 Mid-Year Review, Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2010,
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af-
fairs (UN OCHA), 14 July 2010.

29National outrage | Violence against internally displaced women and girls in eastern Chad
76 Resolution 1820, United Nations Security Council
(UNSC), 19 June 2008.
77 Rapport sur la Situation Humanitaire (11 - 23 February
2009), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitar-
ian Affairs (UN OCHA), 23 February 2009.
78 Human Rights Report: Chad, US Department of State
(USDoS), 25 February 2009.
79 A comparative criminology tour of the world: Chad,
Robert Winslow, San Diego State University, 2002.
80 Articles 161 - 163, Constitution of the Republic of Chad,
1996 (amended in 2005). See also: An Introduction
to the Legal System and Legal Research in Chad,
Nadjita F. Ngarhodjim, New York University School
of Law, December 2007.
81 Mid-Year Review, Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2010,
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af-
fairs (UN OCHA), 14 July 2010.
82 Financial Tracking Service (FTS), Appeals and Fund-
ing, accessed on 5 September 2010, UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA).
83 Financial Tracking Service (FTS), Requirements,
Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per non-
standard sector for Chad CAP 2010, UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), 6
September 2010.
84 Financial Tracking Service (FTS), Requirements,
Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per non-
standard sector for Chad CAP 2009, UN Office for
the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA),
7 September 2010.
85 Financial Tracking Service (FTS), Total Humanitar-
ian Assistance per Donor for Chad CAP 2010, UN
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(UN OCHA), 6 September 2010.
86 UNHCR, IDPs and humanitarian reform, Jeff Crisp,
Esther Kiragu and Vicky Tennant, Forced Migration
Review (FMR), December 2007, Issue 29.
87 IASC Cluster Approach Evaluation: Chad, François
Grünewald and Bonaventure Sokpoh, Global Public
Policy Institute (GPPI), April 2010.
88 Mid-Year Review, Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2010,
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af-
fairs (UN OCHA), 14 July 2010.
89 GenCap Experience Document # 3: Strengthening
the Architecture of Coordination Related to Gender
Equality Programming, Siobhan Foran, 2009.
90 Report of the Secretary-General on the UN Mission in
the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT),
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 30 July 2010.
91 IDMC interviews with NGO staff who are working on
protection in IDP camps in eastern Chad, 16 – 22 April
2009.
92 Financial Tracking Service (FTS), Requirements,
Commitments/Contributions and Pledges per non-
standard sector for Chad CAP 2009, UN Office for
the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA),
7 September 2010; Financial Tracking Service (FTS),
Requirements, Commitments/Contributions and
Pledges per non-standard sector for Chad CAP 2010,
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Af-
fairs (UN OCHA), 6 September 2010.
93 Briefing Book for Eastern Chad, United Nations Chil-
dren’s Fund (UNICEF), September 2008.
94 Consolidated Appeal for Chad 2010, UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), 30
November 2009.
95 A semblance of education for a displaced child, In-
tegrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), 13
March 2008.
96 JRS-supported schools changing life for displaced
children, Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS), 18 June 2008.
97 Humanitarian Action in Chad - Facts and Figures, UN
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(UN OCHA), 9 June 2008.
98 Article 36, Constitution of the Republic of Chad, 1996
(amended in 2005).
99 “Education in the IDP Camps of Eastern Chad” in Even
in Chaos: Education in Times of Emergency, Gonzalo
Sánchez-Téran, Fordham University Press, 2010.
100 Report of the independent expert for the United Na-
tions study on violence against children, United Na-
tions General Assembly (UNGA), 29 August 2006.
101 Chad’s Breach of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights: Failure to Protect the Rights
of Women and Girls (Submission to the UN Human
Rights Committee), Indiana University School of Law
at Indianapolis, March 2009.
102 JRS-supported schools changing life for displaced
children, Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS), 18 June 2008.
103 Article 2, International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights.
104 No protection from rape and violence for displaced
women and girls in eastern Chad, Amnesty Interna-
tional (AI), 27 July 2007.

30 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre | November 2010
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31National outrage | Violence against internally displaced women and girls in eastern Chad
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32 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre | November 2010
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33National outrage | Violence against internally displaced women and girls in eastern Chad
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